I read this New York Magazine article a few weeks ago, lost it, then stumbled back onto it yesterday. Ignoring convention, I will identify it by its subtitle, The Inverse Power of Praise. From the article:
The researchers would take a single child out of the classroom for a nonverbal IQ test consisting of a series of puzzles—puzzles easy enough that all the children would do fairly well. Once the child finished the test, the researchers told each student his score, then gave him a single line of praise. Randomly divided into groups, some were praised for their intelligence. They were told, “You must be smart at this.” Other students were praised for their effort: “You must have worked really hard.”
Why just a single line of praise? “We wanted to see how sensitive children were,” Dweck explained. “We had a hunch that one line might be enough to see an effect.”
Then the students were given a choice of test for the second round. One choice was a test that would be more difficult than the first, but the researchers told the kids that they’d learn a lot from attempting the puzzles. The other choice, Dweck’s team explained, was an easy test, just like the first. Of those praised for their effort, 90 percent chose the harder set of puzzles. Of those praised for their intelligence, a majority chose the easy test. The “smart” kids took the cop-out.
The rest of the article explains and expounds on this phenomenon. It's a moderately involved read, but you can do it, because you're such a hard worker!
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I have almost always been a "smart" kid. I'm trying to retrain myself to be an "effortful" kid.
I'm spelling out something the article doesn't seem to explicitly say; i.e., don't praise something a person has no control over. If I'm naturally smart, reinforcing that sends the message that the praiseworthy thing happens independently of me.
Which sucks because when I want more praise, I can't smarten up for it. All I can hope to do is maintain. This quickly becomes a lose-lose proposition: If I don't try for fear of looking dumber, I look dumber for not trying.
Instead, the trick is to reinforce aspects that people can control: effort, technique, time investment, practice. Then, there's a clear line to improve, and therefore, to get more praise. The natural abilities will kick in anyway, augmenting whatever effort is there.
Off and on, I've been applying this sort of talk to myself (and anyone else praiseworthy) for a few weeks. Meredith and I make kind of a game out of it.
I suspect drastic effects as described in the article are best observed in children. But I'm willing to accept less dramatic returns as long as I improve. All I need to do is keep working at it.
This also dovetails with another idea I've recently fiddled with: The most useful life skill to teach (and practice) is how to handle novelty and strangeness with curiosity. If you have some intelligence and that curiosity, whatever excellence you need will show up eventually. If you don't have it, you can still excel, but it will be a slog rather than a game.
I'd rather play games.